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Authors
Qiu, Xinye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9760-5932
Zhang, Yu https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4760-6504
Purushotham, Yogesh
Qi, Qibin
Yu, Bing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-1077
Bressler, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6578-4772
Perreira, Krista M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2906-0261
Parada, Humberto Jr.
Daviglus, Martha L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6791-8727
Vega, Alejandra Cid
Isasi, Carmen R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2700-9593
Gallo, Linda C.
Sofer, Tamar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-8860
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL161012)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG80598)
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Article History
Received: 23 October 2025
Revised: 22 March 2026
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The contents of this study have been approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center under the protocol (No. 2025D000897). The HCHS/SOL study was approved by IRBs at each field center, where all participants provided written informed consent, and by the non-biomedical IRB at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, to the HCHS/SOL Data Coordinating Center. All methods and analyses of HCHS/SOL participants’ materials and data were carried out in accordance with human subject research guidelines and regulations.
