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Authors
Zhang, Jiaqiang
Miao, Mengrong
Wang, Yangyang
Jiang, Lulu
Zhu, Ruilou
Mao, Tian
Lu, Zhongyuan
Wang, Jiao
Zhao, Liang
Fu, Saihao
Chen, Wan-Ming
Wu, Szu-Yuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5637-558X
Sun, Mingyang
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Article History
Received: 27 January 2026
Revised: 30 March 2026
Accepted: 30 April 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study utilized the TriNetX platform, which exclusively provides de-identified and aggregated electronic health record data. In accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), such data do not allow for individual identification and thus do not meet the federal definition of human subjects research. Consequently, research conducted using this platform is exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) oversight and does not require informed consent.
