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Authors
Schilling, Barbara
Pasquier, Baptiste
Elbejjani, Martine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5035-0370
Reis, Jared
Rana, Jamal S.
Tal, Kali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2560
Launer, Lenore J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3238-7612
Baggio, Stéphanie
Sidney, Stephen
Bryan, Nick
Yaffe, Kristine
Auer, Reto
Jakob, Julian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8429-3231
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00002)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00003)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00004)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00005)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AG0005)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00002)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00003)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00005)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AG0005)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00002)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00003)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00004)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00005)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00006)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AG0005)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00002)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00003)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00004)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00005)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00006)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AG0005)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Revised: 11 April 2026
Accepted: 30 April 2026
First Online: 19 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The CARDIA study obtained the approval of institutional review boards at each study center (Oakland, Chicago, Minneapolis, and Birmingham). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. There are no identifiable images from human research participants in this manuscript.
: The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institutes of Health; or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. We used no AI in this study.
