Gao, Rongwei https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6805-6020
Otsuka, Ikuo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2831-9158
Shirai, Toshiyuki https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2058-1678
Miyachi, Masao
Minami, Kiriko
Okada, Shohei
Tsukamoto, Ryo
Tanifuji, Takaki
Okazaki, Satoshi
Hishimoto, Akitoyo
Funding for this research was provided by:
JST Moonshot R&D Program (JPMJMS239F) SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation Smoking Research Foundation
JST SPRING
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP25K19058)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21K07520 JP24K10710)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21H02852 JP24K02383)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (23dk0307111)
JST Moonshot R&D Program (JPMJMS239F) Smoking Research Foundation
Article History
Received: 10 December 2025
Revised: 19 May 2026
Accepted: 12 June 2026
First Online: 21 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.