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Authors
Li, Qiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5337-0676
Jensen, Dawn
Jakim, Teddy
Fu, Zening https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1591-4900
Chen, Jiayu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5059-372X
Ma, Liang
Murphy, Anne Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2889-503X
Bangasser, Debra A.
Calhoun, Vince D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-0747
Liu, Jingyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-7523
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R01MH123610)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R01MH130595, R34DA061483)
National Science Foundation (2112455)
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Article History
Received: 9 March 2026
Revised: 2 July 2026
Accepted: 24 July 2026
First Online: 15 August 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethics declarations: All procedures involving human participants were conducted by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines and regulations, including the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The ABCD Study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards at each participating site. Written informed consent was obtained from the parent or legal guardian of each participant, and written assent was obtained from the child prior to participation. The present study involved analysis of de-identified ABCD Study data obtained through the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Data Archive and did not involve direct contact with human participants.
