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Authors
Fan, Liming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0979-6979
An, Simeng
Li, Youjun
Li, Ying
Wu, Yutong
Yao, Nan
Zhu, Qian https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9912-6562
Guo, Daqing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-2530
Yao, Dezhong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-879X
Zhang, Ming
Huang, Zi-Gang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9648-3067
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation of China | Major Research Plan (2022ZD0208500)
National Science Foundation of China | Major Research Plan (2022ZD0208500)
Brain Science and Brain-like Intelligence Technology-National Science and Technology Major Project
Brain Science and Brain-like Intelligence Technology-National Science and Technology Major Projects
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Article History
Received: 21 January 2026
Revised: 28 July 2026
Accepted: 10 August 2026
First Online: 18 August 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: All authors report no conflict of interest.
Ethics: This study utilized publicly available, de-identified data from the DIRECT Phase I database. As the data are de-identified and do not involve direct human participation, institutional ethics approval was not required. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
