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Authors
Hejazi, Nadia S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3699-4647
Kheirkhah, Mina
Chholak, Robin
Riedner, Brady
Jamalabadi, Hamidreza https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-2374
Walter, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-4483
Hofmann, Stefan G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3548-9681
Duncan, Wallace Jr
Goldman, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-5405
Zarate, Carlos A. Jr
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (521379614 – TRR 393SFB/Transregio 393)
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Article History
Received: 15 April 2026
Revised: 10 August 2026
Accepted: 2 September 2026
First Online: 6 October 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: Dr. Zarate is listed as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of ketamine in major depression and suicidal ideation; as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of (2 R ,6 R )-hydroxynorketamine, ( S )-dehydronorketamine, and other stereoisomeric dehydroxylated and hydroxylated metabolites of ( R,S )-ketamine in the treatment of depression and neuropathic pain; and as a co-inventor on a patent application for the use of (2 R ,6 R )-hydroxynorketamine and (2 S ,6 S )-hydroxynorketamine in the treatment of depression, anxiety, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and post-traumatic stress disorder. He has assigned his patent rights to the U.S. government but will share a percentage of any royalties that may be received by the government. Dr. Riedner is co-inventor on several joint patents between the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and Koninklijke Philips NV related to sleep monitoring and sleep enhancement technology. He previously received royalty payments managed by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. All other authors have no conflict of interest to disclose, financial or otherwise.
