Li, Xiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6275-6183
Niu, Zefan https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4948-8005
Gao, Chen
Kroeger, Annika https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-0132
Tsakos, Georgios
Li, Bolong
Zhu, Jiaqi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0283-3519
Chen, Gang
Dietrich, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-7645
Article History
Received: 3 December 2024
Revised: 5 February 2025
Accepted: 6 February 2025
First Online: 22 May 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee at the Hospital and School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (AER number: TMUhMEC20211222). Both written and verbal informed consent were obtained from study participants.