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Authors
Makieh, Muhammad Oweis https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3673-0992
Lababidi, Muhammad Ibrahim https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4681-706X
Makieh, Ramah Eimad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7914-6023
Abdul-Hak, Mahmoud https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7910-1000
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2025
Revised: 6 May 2025
Accepted: 7 May 2025
First Online: 20 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee and the Board of Scientific Research at the Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, as well as from the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (SSRC-013-12062024). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and benefits, and they had the opportunity to ask questions before providing consent. The authors declare that no generative AI was used.
