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Authors
Khafagi, Mennatallah https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2105-8101
Gheith, Mostafa
Moharrum, Haythem S.
Ahmed, Mohamed Abo Elyazeed
Aly, Riham M.
El Mansy, Maryam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5395-1710
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2025
Revised: 26 November 2025
Accepted: 28 November 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Teeth were collected from the outpatient paediatric dentistry clinic of the National Research Centre (NRC). Informed parental consent was obtained prior to tooth extraction, and parents were fully briefed about the study and the use of their child’s extracted teeth for research purposes. Participation was voluntary, and all procedures adhered to institutional ethical guidelines.
