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Article History

Received: 13 April 2024

Revised: 25 July 2024

Accepted: 29 July 2024

First Online: 19 August 2024

Competing interests

: SV received speaker’s honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, and Pfizer, and consultancy fees from Roche, Eusa, MSD, and Merck; KP has received speaker’s honoraria from Celgene, Amgen Inc., and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, consultancy fees from Celgene, Takeda and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and research support from Roche Pharmaceuticals. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

: Primary tumor cells and BMSCs were isolated from BM aspirates after informed consent was obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The collection and use of primary cells have been approved by the Ethics Committee of Lower Austria (approval number GS1-EK-4/407-2019). Isolation, purification, and culture of BMSCs and primary MM cells were performed, as previously described []. All experimental animal procedures and protocols have been approved by the Ethics and Animal Welfare Committee of the University of Veterinary Medicine (vetmeduni), Vienna, in accordance with the University´s guidelines for Good Scientific Practice and authorized by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (BMBWF GZ 68.205/0174-V/3b/2018, BMWFW-68.205/0093-WF/V/3b/2015, and 2022-0.404.452) institutional ethical committee at the vetmeduni, Vienna.