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Article History

Received: 27 December 2024

Revised: 27 February 2025

Accepted: 21 March 2025

First Online: 4 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors report to conflicts of interest pertaining to the submitted work. PLB: Novartis: Research Funding; Omeros: Consultancy; Oncopeptides: Consultancy; BMS/Celgene: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Cellcentric: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Sanofi: Research Funding. SC: GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi: Honoraria; Omeros: Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Janssen, Novartis, Syndax, Ionis, Sanofi, and GlaxoSmithKline: Research Funding. JC: Geron Corp: Other: Held $600 Geron Stock for 1 week and sold without profit. DD: Apellis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; K36 Therapeutics: Research Funding; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; MSD: Consultancy, Honoraria; Regeneron: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sorrento: Consultancy, Honoraria; Genentech: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Alexion: Consultancy, Honoraria. AD: Alexion: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; HaemaloiX: Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Alnylam: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding. MAG: Astra Zeneca: Honoraria; Alexion: Honoraria; Abbvie: Other: personal fees for Data Safety Monitoring board ; Prothena: Other: personal fees; Sanofi: Other: personal fees; Ionis/Akcea: Honoraria; Alnylym: Honoraria; Johnson & Johnson: Other: personal fees; Medscape: Honoraria; Janssen: Other: personal fees; Dava Oncology: Honoraria. PK: AbbVie: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Kite: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Ichnos: Research Funding; Mustang Bio: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Keosys: Consultancy; Loxo Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Angitia Bio: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Oncopeptides: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; CVS Caremark: Consultancy; Janssen: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Karyopharm: Research Funding; X4 Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; BeiGene: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Regeneron: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding. TK: Novartis: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding. NL: AbbVie: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Checkpoint Therapeutics: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company. YL: Pfizer: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Caribou: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; NexImmune: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Legend: Consultancy; Regeneron: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy. EM: Protego: Consultancy. RP: Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK: Research Funding; Sanofi Aventis: Honoraria; AstraZeneca: Honoraria. TS: Caelum pharma: Other; Alpha: Consultancy, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; 2 Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Prothena: Other. YLH: GSK: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Shield Therapeutics: Honoraria; MultiMedia Medical, LLC: Consultancy; Pfizer: Other: Consulting fee located to Mayo Research fund. LBB: Genentech: Consultancy. RF: AbbVie, Adaptive, Amgen, Apple, Bayer, BMS/Celgene, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Kite, Karyopharm, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Juno Therapeutics, Takeda, Arduro Biotech, Oncotracker, Oncopeptides, Pharmacyclics, Pfizer, RA Capital, Regeneron, Sanofi: Consultancy; Patent for FISH in MM - ~$2000/year: Patents & Royalties: Patent for FISH in MM - ~$2000/year; Antengene: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Amgen, Janssen, Kite, a Gilead company, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Juno Therapeutics, Takeda, AbbVie, Aduro Biotech, Sanofi, OncoTracker: Honoraria. SA: Xencor: Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Cellectar: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Ascentage: Research Funding; GSK: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sanofi: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Johnson and Johnson: Consultancy, Research Funding; Regeneron: Consultancy; Beigene: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Pharmacuclics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding. SK: Abbvie: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; MedImmune/AstraZeneca: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Celgene: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Adaptive: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; KITE: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; Oncopeptides: Other: Independent review committee participation.