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Article History

Received: 20 March 2025

Revised: 26 May 2025

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 26 August 2025

Competing interests

: M.D.J.: Consultancy/Advisory for Kite/Gilead, Novartis, and Myeloid Therapeutics. Research funding by Incyte, Kite/Gilead, and Loxo@Lilly. G.I.: Honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Kite, a Gilead Company, Miltenyi Biotec, Novartis, and Roche; consulting/advisory role for Autolus Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kite, Miltenyi Biotec, and Novartis; and travel support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Kite and Miltenyi Biotec. F.M.: ArgoBIO Consulting; AstraZeneca Honoraria, Consulting, Research grant; BMS Honoraria, Consulting, Research Grant, CRISPR Therapeutics Consulting, EcoR1 Consulting, Janssen Honoraria, Consulting, Kite/Gilead, Honoraria, Consulting, Research Grant, Abbvie Honoraria, Incayte Honoraria, Miltenyi medicine Honoraria, MSD Honoraria, Novartis Honoraria, Consulting, Pfizer Honoraria, Sobi Honorarai, Takeda Honoraria. L.H.: Advisory Committees: Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Johnson&Johnson, Pierre-Fabre, Sanofi; travel support: Amgen, Gilead, Johnson&Johnson. G.L.S.: has research funding to the institution from Janssen, Amgen, BMS, Beyond Spring, and GPCR, and is on the DSMB for ArcellX. Mi.S.: served as a paid consultant for McKinsey & Company, Angiocrine Bioscience, and Omeros; has received research funding from Angiocrine Bioscience and Omeros; has served on ad hoc advisory boards for Kite Pharma; and has received honoraria from i3Health and Medscape for CME related activity. W.G.K.: Bristol Myers Squibb: Advisor. The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests. None of the mentioned conflicts of interest were related to financing of the content of this manuscript. A.P.B.: received compensation for participating in consulting activities with Bristol Myers Squibb. M.A.P.: honoraria from Adicet, Allogene, Caribou Biosciences, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Equilium, Exevir, ImmPACT Bio, Incyte, Karyopharm, Kite/Gilead, Merck, Miltenyi Biotec, MorphoSys, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis, Omeros, OrcaBio, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Syncopation, Takeda, VectivBio AG, and Vor Biopharma. He serves on DSMBs for Cidara Therapeutics and Sellas Life Sciences. He has ownership interests in Omeros and OrcaBio. He has received institutional research support for clinical trials from Allogene, Genmab, Incyte, Kite/Gilead, Miltenyi Biotec, Nektar Therapeutics, and Novartis. M.S.: Amgen: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Astra Zeneca: Speakers Bureau; Aven Cell: Consultancy, BMS/Celgene: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; CDR-Life: Consultancy, Gilead: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; GSK: Speakers Bureau; Ichnos Sciences: Consultancy; Incyte Biosciences: Consultancy; Janssen: Research Funding, Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Miltenyi Biotec: Research Funding, Consultancy; Morphosys: Research Funding; Molecular Partners: Consultancy; Novartis: Research Funding, Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding, Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. P.B.: Allogene, Amgen, Autolus, BMS/Celgene, Kite/Gilead, Incyte, Miltenyi Biomedicine, Novartis, Pfizer and Pierre Fabre: Honoraria, travel support and consultancy. F.L.L.: Consulting or Advisory Role: Novartis, Celgene, Calibr, Alimera Sciences, Gerson Lehrman Group, EcoR1 Capital, Amgen, Bluebird Bio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Legend Biotech, Cowen, Kite, a Gilead company, Umoja Biopharma, Takeda, Sana Biotechnology, Daiichi Sankyo/UCB Japan, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Janssen, A2 Biotherapeutics, Miltenyi Biotec, Caribou Biosciences. Research Funding: Kite, a Gilead company (Inst), Alimera Sciences (Inst), Novartis (Inst), Bluebird Bio (Inst), Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene (Inst). Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property: Double Mutant Survivin Vaccine. US010414810B2 (Inst), CAR T Cells with Enhanced Metabolic Fitness. Serial Number: 62/939,727 (Inst), Methods of Enhancing CAR T Cell Therapies. Serial Number: 62/892,292 (Inst), Evolutionary Dynamics of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma CAR-T cell therapy. Serial Number: 62/879,534 (Inst). Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Kite, a Gilead company, A2 Biotherapeutics. R.S: Honoraria from Sanofi and Incyte. K.R.: Kite/Gilead: Research Funding, Consultancy, Honoraria and travel support; Novartis: Honoraria; BMS/Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pierre-Fabre: travel support. CSL Baehring: Consultancy.

: All medical records and imaging studies were reviewed and approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Boards of each participating institution. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.