Afrough, Aimaz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2645-8557
Dima, Danai
Razzo, Beatrice
Goel, Utkarsh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1663-0325
Sannareddy, Aishwarya
Pasvolsky, Oren https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9193-0059
Vazquez-Martinez, Mariola A. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2643-7840
Ferreri, Christopher J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-4856
Banerjee, Rahul https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3781-5441
Khouri, Jack https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2473-6528
Davis, James A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-1652
Gaballa, Mahmoud R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-6590
Lieberman-Cribbin, Alex https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5462-4991
Rana, Masooma S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1731-085X
Julian, Kelley https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2111-2461
Anwer, Faiz https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-7439
Shune, Leyla
DeJarnette, Shaun
Grajales-Cruz, Ariel F.
Ouchveridze, Evguenia
De Avila, Gabriel
Susanibar-Adaniya, Sandra P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-2518
Portuguese, Andrew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1010-4578
Schrum, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-2723
Eberwein, Erin
Hosoya, Hitomi
Mikkilineni, Lekha
Kaur, Gurbakhash https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-6536
McGuirk, Joseph P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0539-4796
Rossi, Adriana
Herr, Megan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5768-9396
Castaneda, Omar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0423-5870
Locke, Frederick L.
Raza, Shahzad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2739-2265
Lin, Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1556-6416
Atrash, Shebli https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4547-7534
Sborov, Douglas W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-2698
Voorhees, Peter M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-718X
Richard, Shambavi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0274-4292
Garfall, Alfred L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-5748
Sidana, Surbhi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3288-7614
Patel, Krina K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8894-027X
Hansen, Doris K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-3578
Cowan, Andrew J.
Anderson, Larry D. Jr. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6531-9595
Lee, Hans C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8545-3292
Article History
Received: 30 June 2025
Revised: 18 October 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Competing interests
: AA reports Advisory role for Karyopharm, BMS, Sanofi, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, and research funding from Abbvie, Adaptive Biotech, K36-therapeutics, for Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. DD reports Advisory role for Karyopharm. BR reports advisory role for Johnson & Johnson. CJF reports consulting: Johnson & Johnson; Research: Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron; ownership of publicly traded stock: Affimed. RB reports consulting: Adaptive Biotech, BMS, Caribou Biosciences, Genentech, Gilead, Johnson & Johnson, Karyopharm, Legend Biotech, Pfizer, Sanofi, SparkCures; Research: Abbvie, BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Pack Health, Prothena, Sanofi. JK reports consulting: GPCR, Johnson & Johnson, Prothena, Legend Biotech; research: Prothena, Ascentage, Johnson & Johnson, Karyopharm, GPCR. JAD reports consultancy for BMS, Johnson & Johnson; speaker’s bureau for Johnson & Johnson. MRG advisory board to BMS and Arcellx. KJ reports advisory board consultant for Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, and BioLineRx. FA reports advisor role and speaker for BMS, Celgene, Caribou biosciences; research funding from Allogene Therapeutic, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Caribou Biosciences. LS reports consulting for Johnson & Johnson, BMS, Novartis. AFG-C reports advisory board, speaker bureau for Sanofi, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer; Advisory board for BMS, and sperak bureau for Amgen and Cellectar. SPS-A reports research from Johnson & Johnson, and consultancy for Sanofi and Johnson & Johnson. AJP reports consulting from Karyopharm, Capvision. HH reports consulting for Johnson & Johnson; speaker bureaus for Johnson & Johnson, Karyopharm. LM reports advisory board with Legend Biotech and BioLineRx. GK reports consulting: BMS, Arcellx, Sanofi, Johnson & Johnson, Cellectar, Pfizer, Kedrion; Research: BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Abbvie. JPM reports honoraria: Kite/scitmentum, a Gilead company, AlloVir, Nektar, Sana Biotechnology, BMA, Sanofi, Novartis, CRISPR Therapeutics, CARGO Therapeutics, Autolus, Legend Biotech. Consulting or Advisory Role: Kite, a Gilead company, Juno Therapeutics, AlloVir, Magenta Therapeutics, EcoR1 Capital, CRISPR Therapeutics, and Speakers’ Bureau: Kite/Gilead. Research Funding: Novartis (Inst), Fresenius Biotech (Inst), Astellas Pharma (Inst), Bellicum Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Novartis (Inst), Gamida Cell (Inst), Pluristem Therapeutics (Inst), Kite, a Gilead company (Inst), AlloVir (Inst). AR reports Consulting from Johnson & Johnson, BMS, Sanofi, Karyopharm and research support from Johnson & Johnson, Caribou, BMS. OC reports consulting from Legend Biotech Inc, BMS, and Johnson & Johnson. SR reports advisory board from Pfizer, Prothena Biosciences, and kite, and research from Nexcella Inc, Poseida and Johnson & Johnson. YL reports consulting from Johnson & Johnson, Legend, Celgene, Sanofi, BMS, Pfizer, Regeneron, Genentech, NexImmune, Caribou; research funding from Johnson & Johnson, Celgene, BMS. SA reports research funding: GSK, Amgen, Karyopharm; honoraria: Johnson & Johnson. DS reports consulting from Sanofi, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, BMS, GlaxoSmithKline, Legend Biotech, Bioline, AstraZeneca, Arcellx, Abbvie, Genentech, Opna Bio, and research from Pfizer. PMV reports consultancy for Abbvie, AstraZeneca; BMS, Karyopharm, Lava Therapeutics, Sanofi; Regeneron, Johnson & Johnson, GSK; research funding: Abbvie, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron. SR reports honoraria from Johnson & Johnson, BMS, Genentech, Karyopharm Therapeutics, MJH LifeSciences; steering committees: Gracell Therapeutics, BMS; research support: Johnson & Johnson, BMS, C4 Therapeutics, Gracell Therapeutics, Heidelberg Pharma; consulting: Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, BMS, Karyopharm Therapeutics. FLL reports Scientific Advisory Role/Consulting Fees: A2, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Adaptimmune, Allogene, Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, Bluebird Bio, BMS, Calibr, Caribou, EcoR1, Gerson Lehrman Group (GLG), Iovance, Kite Pharma, Janssen, Legend Biotech, Miltenyi, Novartis, Sana, Pfizer, Poseida. Data Safety Monitoring Board: Data and Safety Monitoring Board for the NCI Safety Oversight CAR T-cell Therapies Committee. Research Contracts or Grants to my Institution for Service: 2SeventyBio (Institutional), Allogene (Institutional), BMS (Institutional), Incyte (Institutional), Kite Pharma (Institutional), Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Scholar in Clinical Research (PI: Locke), Mark Foundation, National Cancer Institute, Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property: Several patents held by the institution in my name (unlicensed) in the field of cellular immunotherapy. Education or Editorial Activity: Aptitude Health, ASH, ASTCT, Clinical Care Options Oncology, Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. ALG reports research funding: Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Tmunity, CRISPR Therapeutics; consulting: Johnson & Johnson, Gracell, BMS, GSK, Regeneron, Abbvie, Smart Immune; IDMC membership for Johnson & Johnson. SS reports research: Magenta Therapeutics, BMS, Allogene, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Abbvie; Advisory Board/Consultancy: BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, Oncopeptides, Takeda, Regeneron, Abbvie, Pfizer, BiolineRx, Legend, Kite. KKP reports advisory/Consultancy from Johnson and Johnson, BMS, Legend Bioteh, Pfizer, Takeda, Sanofi, Oricel, Kite, Arcellx, Caribou Sciences, Novartis, Takeda, Regeneron, Poseida. DKH reports research funding from BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Karyopharm, Kite Pharma, and Adaptive Biotech; Consulting or advisory role for BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Legend Biotech, Pfizer, Kite Pharma, AstraZeneca, and Karyopharm. AJC reports consulting: Abbvie, Adaptive, BMS, HopeAI, Johnson & Johnson, Sebia, Sanofi; Research: Abbvie, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Caelum, Harpoon, Nektar, BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, OpnaBio, IgM Biosciences, Regeneron. LDAJ reports consulting: Johnson & Johnson, Celgene, BMS, Amgen, GSK, AbbVie, Beigene, Cellectar, Sanofi, Prothena. Research: BMS, Celgene, Johnson & Johnson , Abbvie. HCL reports consulting: BMS, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, Abbvie, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Allogene Therapeutics, Menarini, Alexion Pharmaceuticals; research funding: Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, GSK, Regeneron, Takeda Pharmaceuticals. The rest of the authors have no conflicts of interest.
: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board or ethics committee at each participating institution (MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Myeloma, Waldenstrom’s, and Amyloidosis Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Atrium Health Levine Cancer Institute, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Charlotte, NC; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Abramson Cancer Center and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY; Duke University Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; and Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Rochester, MN; all in the USA). Given the retrospective nature of the study, informed consent was waived or not required by the respective IRBs in accordance with applicable federal regulations and institutional policies. All data were handled in compliance with relevant privacy and confidentiality guidelines. All authors had access to the data and contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the results. The authors confirm the accuracy and completeness of the data.