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Authors
Chohan, Karan L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1239-074X
Gensini, Lorenzo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-6526
Seif, Sherif
Sun, Xiaowen
Feng, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1165-8046
Becnel, Melody R.
Gaballa, Mahmoud M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-6590
Lee, Hans C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8545-3292
Pasvolsky, Oren https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9193-0059
Patel, Krina K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8894-027X
Ye, J. Christine
Weber, Donna M.
Orlowski, Robert Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-4129
Thomas, Sheeba K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8596-7058
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Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Revised: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Competing interests
: KLC, LG, SS, XS, LF, MRB, MMG, OP, and DMW have no conflicts of interest to declare. SKT declares research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen Biotech, Cellectar Biosciences, Acerta Pharma, AbbVie Pharma, and Sanofi-Aventis, and has served on the advisory boards of Cellectar Biosciences and Mustang Bio. RZO declares research funding unrelated to this work from Heidelberg Pharma AG, Asylia Therapeutics, and BioTheryX. Also, RZO has served on advisory boards for Amgen, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, EcoR1 Capital LLC, Forma Therapeutics, Genzyme, GSK Biologicals, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Janssen Biotech, Juno Therapeutics, Kite Pharma, Legend Biotech USA, Molecular Partners, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc., and is a Founder of Asylia Therapeutics, Inc., with an equity interest. HCL declares research funding unrelated to this work from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, Regeneron, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. He also declares consulting work for Bristol Myers Squibb, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Regeneron, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Allogene Therapeutics, Pfizer, and Menarini. MMG declares consulting work for Arcellx Pharmaceuticals and Bristol Myers Squibb. KKP declares consulting work for Astra Zeneca, AbbVie, Genentech, BMS, Johnson and Johnson, Merck, Pfizer, Regeneron, Kite, Novartis, Takeda, Sanofi, and Scientific advisory board/research: BMS, Kite, Oricel. CY declares consultancy or research with Janssen, BMS, Sanofi, Pfizer, and Regeneron.
: The study was approved by the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Institutional Review Board (Protocol 2024-0457) and conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of this study.
