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Authors
Inokuchi, Ami https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-6888
Kim, Haryoon
Sakurai, Masatoshi
Masuda, Kyoko
Mizuno, Kota
Koda, Yuya
Matsuki, Eri
Kogure, Yasunori https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-5131
Ukita, Shoko https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3042-329X
Maeda, Megumi
Oda, Futoshi
Kaneko, Yuko
Sato, Yasunori
Fukuda, Haruhisa
Kataoka, Keisuke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-9902
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21H05051)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP20H00563)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJFR205J)
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Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Revised: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Competing interests
: MS received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, Nippon Shinyaku, and Novartis Pharmaceutical. EM received honoraria from Novartis Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, and Chugai Pharmaceutical. EM received consulting fees from Novartis Pharmaceutical. YKogure received honoraria from Takeda Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Nippon Shinyaku, and Kyowa Kirin. YKaneko received honoraria from AbbVie, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Ayumi Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Gilead Sciences, Glaxo SmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma, Novartis Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Sanofi, Taisho Pharmaceutical, and UCB. YKaneko received grants from Asahi Kasei Pharma, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eisai, Gilead Sciences, Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma, and Taisho Pharmaceutical. YKaneko received consulting fees from AbbVie, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, Taisho Pharmaceutical, and UCB. KK received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Eisai, Astellas Pharma, Novartis Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Sumitomo Pharma, Kyowa Kirin, Janssen Pharmaceutical, MSD, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Nippon Shinyaku, Daiichi Sankyo, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, Meiji Seika Pharma, Sanofi, Sysmex, Mundipharma, Incyte Corporation, Kyorin Pharmaceutical, PharmaEssentia Japan, Gilead Sciences, Kowa, Amgen, Nippon Kayaku, Asahi Kasei Pharma, and the Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute. KK received research support from Chordia Therapeutics, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, and Meiji Seika Pharma. KK received scholarships from Asahi Kasei Pharma, Eisai, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, Shionogi, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Teijin Pharma, Japan Blood Products Organization, JCR Pharmaceuticals, and Nippon Shinyaku. KK owns stock in Asahi Genomics. KK received consulting fees from Meiji Seika Pharma and Otsuka Pharmaceutical. KK has a patent for genetic alterations as a biomarker in T-cell lymphomas and a patent for PD-L1 abnormalities as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. The other authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Kyushu University Institutional Review Board for Clinical Research (approval no. 22114-05) and the Keio University Institutional Review Board (approval no. 20236140). Participant consent was obtained through an opt-out procedure, and the requirement for individual informed consent was waived because only anonymized data were used. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
