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Article History

Received: 5 October 2025

Revised: 20 October 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Competing interests

: W-YJ has no competing interests to declare. CAL receives research funding from AbbVie and serves as a consultant or advisory board member for Bristol Myers Squibb, AbbVie, Rigel, Servier, Syndax, Astellas, SOLU Therapeutics, and COTA Healthcare. JMP has received consulting and/or advisory fees from Servier and Rigel. JKA has received consulting and/or advisory fees from Abbvie, Ascentage, Aptitude Health, Astellas, Curio, Daiichi Sankyo, Dark, Blue Therapeutics, Gilead, Johnson and Johnson, Kura Oncology, Omeros, Onviv, Rigel and Syndax, and travel support from Daiichi Sankyo. MY has received research funding from Daiichi Sankyo. JSG serves on the advisory boards or steering committees for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Genentech, Geron, Sanofi, and Servier; and receives grants/research funding from AbbVie, Ajax, Genentech, Newave, Pfizer and Stelexis. YA has received consulting and/or advisory fees from AbbVie, Ascentage, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Geron, KiTE, Pfizer, Rigel, and Servier; research funding (to institution) from AbbVie, Ascentage, ALX Oncology, Biomea, Biosight, Curis, Novartis, and Sumitimo. NJS has received consulting fees from Pfizer Inc., GSK, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Merck, Autolus, Syndax, and Sanofi; research funding from Takeda Oncology, Astellas Pharma Inc., Xencor, GSK, NextCure, Ascentage, Novartis, Hemogenyx, and Vironexis; and honoraria from Adaptive Biotechnologies, Novartis, Amgen, Takeda Oncology, Pfizer Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., Merck, and Sanofi. JFZ has received consulting and/or advisory fees from AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Crossbow Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Foghorn, Genmab, Ipsen, Jazz, Johnson & Johnson, Neogenomics, Novartis, Relmada Therapeutics, Rigel, Sellas Life Sciences, Servier, Shattuck Labs, Sumitomo Pharma, and Syndax; research funding from AbbVie, Akesobio, Aptevo Therapeutics, Arog, Ascentage, AstraZeneca, Auron Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Faron, Jazz, Lin Biosciences, Loxo, Merck, Newave, Novartis, Sellas Life Sciences, Shattuck Labs, Stemline, Sumitomo Pharma, and Zentalis. N.G.D. reports grants/contracts from AbbVie Inc., Amgen, Astellas Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Daiichi Sankyo Company, FATE Therapeutics, Genentech, Gilead Sciences Inc., Glycomimetics, Hanmi, ImmunoGen Inc., Kite Pharma Inc., Novimmune, Pfizer Inc., Servier Pharmaceuticals LLC, Trillium, and Trovagene; and personal/consulting fees from AbbVie, Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc., Amgen, Arog Pharmaceuticals, Astellas Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Genentech, Gilead Sciences Inc., ImmunoGen Inc., Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kite Pharma Inc., Novartis, Pfizer Inc., Servier Pharmaceuticals LLC, Shattuck Labs, Stemline/Menarini, Syndax, and Trillium outside the submitted work. AHW serves on advisory boards for Janssen, Abbvie, Servier; has consulted for Servier, JNJ, Aculeus, Cycuria, receives research funding to the Institution from Novartis, Storm Therapeutics, Abbvie, Servier, BMS, Janssen, Syndax, Astra Zeneca; serves on speaker’s bureaus for Abbvie, Servier; AHW is an employee of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI). WEHI receives milestone and royalty payments related to the development of Venetoclax. Current and past employees of Walter and Eliza Hall Institute may be eligible for financial benefits related to these payments. AHW receives such a financial benefit. GCI received consultancy or advisory role fees from Novartis, Kura Oncology, Syndax Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, and NuProbe; and received research funding from Celgene, Novartis, Kura Oncology, Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Cullinan Oncology, Astex, and NuProbe. CDD reports receiving research support from AbbVie, Astex, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Cleave, Foghorn, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Loxo, and Servier; and receiving personal fees from AbbVie, Astellas, BMS, Rigel, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Genmab, Genentech, Gilead, Jazz, Loxo, Notable Labs, Ryvu, Servier, and Schrödinger.