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Authors
Chang, Yu-Sung https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4571-3328
Tien, Feng-Ming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-2472
Wang, Yu-Wen
Yao, Chi-Yuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-9445
Tsai, Xavier Cheng-Hong
Ni, Sao-Chih https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-1448
Lo, Min-Yen
Lee, Wan-Hsuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4795-9844
Lin, Chien-Chin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7160-2285
Kuo, Yuan-Yeh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6090-9000
Peng, Yen-Ling
Tseng, Mei-Hsuan
Ko, Bor-Sheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7965-7579
Yao, Ming
Tien, Hwei-Fang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1384-5593
Hou, Hsin-An https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2780-4845
Chou, Wen-Chien https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-698X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 111-2314-B-002-279)
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 114-2314-B-002-256-MY3)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW 107-TDU-B-211-114009)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW 111-TDU-B-221-014001)
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Revised: 21 September 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the NTUH Research Ethics Committee (approval numbers: 202109078RINB and 202207050RINB), and all participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
