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Article History

Received: 18 September 2025

Revised: 11 November 2025

Accepted: 12 December 2025

First Online: 31 December 2025

Change Date: 12 February 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In the caption of fig 2 the word “RBCI-TI” should be “RBC-TI”.

Competing interests

: R.S.K. reports consultancy/speaker bureau fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Geron Corporation, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, PharmaEssentia, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Servier, Sobi, and Sumitomo Pharma; received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene. V.S. reports participation on advisory board for Ascentage Pharma, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, CTI BioPharma, Geron Corporation, Gilead, Novartis, Servier, and Syros Pharmaceuticals. A.M.Z. reports research funding from, AbbVie, ADC Therapeutics, Aprea Therapeutics, Astex, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardiff Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Genentech, Geron Corporation, Novartis, Pfizer, Shattuck Labs, and Takeda; has served on the Board of Directors, advisory committees, or clinical trial committees for AbbVie, Agios, ALX Oncology, Amgen, Aprea Therapeutics, Astellas Pharma, Astex, BeyondSpring, BioCryst, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Chiesi, Daiichi Sankyo, Epizyme, Genentech, Gilead, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kura Oncology, Mendus, Notable Labs, Novartis, Orum, Otsuka, Pfizer, Regeneron, Seattle Genetics, Syndax, Takeda, and Taiho Pharmaceutical. M.A.S. reports research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb and has served on the Board of Directors or advisory committees of Bristol Myers Squibb, Kurome Therapeutics, and Schrödinger. P.F. reports honoraria from AbbVie and Bristol Myers Squibb and research funding from AbbVie, Astex, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, and Servier. A.R. reports patents and royalties from/has served on the Board of Directors or advisory committees of TFC Therapeutics. M.M. reports consultancy/speaker bureaus fees from BioConvergence, Dr. Reddy, FibroGen, and research funding from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, and Roche; holds equity in Cannalean. S.T. received advisory board fees or honoraria from AbbVie, Astellas Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Gilead, and Takeda. R.B. reports honoraria/consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Keros Therapeutics, and Taiho Pharmaceutical and research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb and Taiho Pharmaceutical. Y.M.F. reports consultancy fees from Blueprint Medicines, Bristol Myers Squibb, Geron Corporation, and Kura Oncology; travel expenses from Blueprint Medicines, MD Education, and MorphoSys; has served on advisory boards for Blueprint Medicines, Cogent Biosciences, Geron Corporation, MorphoSys, Novartis, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Sierra Oncology, Sobi, Stemline Therapeutics, and Taiho Pharmaceutical. M.D.-C. reports consultancy fees/honoraria from Agios Pharmaceuticals, Blueprint Medicines, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, and Novartis; travel expenses from Gilead and Otsuka; has served on the Board of Directors or advisory committees of Agios Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Curis, GlaxoSmithKline, Hemavan, Keros Therapeutics, Novartis, Otsuka, and Syros Pharmaceuticals. D.V. reports honoraria and consultancy/speaker bureau fees with AbbVie, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Astellas Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gebro Pharma, Grifols, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kite/Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, Sobi, and Takeda; travel expenses from AbbVie, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Grifols, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Sanofi, and Sobi; research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb; has served on the Board of Directors/advisory committees for Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Grifols, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Servier, and Sobi. M.R.S. reports consultancy fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, CTI BioPharma, Geron Corporation, GlaxoSmithKline, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Taiho Pharmaceutical, and Treadwell Therapeutics; grants or contracts with Astex and Incyte; patents/royalties from Boehringer Ingelheim and Empath Biosciences; holds equity at Empath Biosciences, Karyopharm Therapeutics, and Ryvu Therapeutics; has served on the Board of Directors or advisory committees for the MDS Foundation. U.P. received honoraria and research funding from AbbVie and Geron Corporation. S.D., S.S., Q.X., L.S., and F.F. report employment at Geron Corporation. S.N. reports current employment at/holds stock options from Geron Corporation. U.G. and A.J. have nothing to disclose.

: The study was approved by institutional review boards and ethics committees at all sites, following International Conference on Harmonization, Good Clinical Practice, and local standard operating procedures. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their legal representatives if unable to consent.