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Article History

Received: 3 February 2026

Revised: 6 March 2026

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Competing interests

: AMZ has served on advisory committees, clinical trial committees, and/or received consulting fees from AbbVie, Agios Pharmaceuticals, ALX Oncology, Amgen, Aprea Therapeutics, Astellas Pharma, Astex Pharmaceuticals, BeyondSpring, BioCryst, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Chiesi, Daiichi Sankyo, Epizyme, Genentech, Geron, Gilead, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kura Oncology, Mendus, Notable Labs, Novartis, Orum, Otsuka, Pfizer, Regeneron, Seattle Genetics, Syndax, Takeda, and Taiho Pharmaceutical. VS reports participation on advisory board for Ascentage Pharma, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, CTI BioPharma, Geron Corporation, Gilead, Novartis, Servier, and Syros Pharmaceuticals. MD-C reports consultancy fees/honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Keros, and AbbVie; and has served on the Board of Directors or advisory committees of BMS, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Ascentage, Astex/Otsuka, AstraZeneca, Curis, Fortrea, GSK, Hemavant, Keros, Novartis, Syros Pharmaceuticals. MRS reports consultancy fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, CTI BioPharma, Geron Corporation, GlaxoSmithKline, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Taiho Pharmaceutical, and Treadwell Therapeutics; grants or contracts with Astex Pharmaceuticals and Incyte Corporation; patents/royalties from Boehringer Ingelheim and Empath Biosciences; holds equity at Empath Biosciences, Karyopharm Therapeutics, and Ryvu Therapeutics; and has served on the Board of Directors or advisory committees for the MDS Foundation. MAS reports research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb and has served on the Board of Directors or advisory committees of Bristol Myers Squibb, Kurome Therapeutics, and Schrödinger. YFM reports consultancy fees from Blueprint Medicines, Bristol Myers Squibb, Geron Corporation, Kura Oncology, and Servier; travel expenses from Blueprint Medicines, MD Education, and MorphoSys; and has served on advisory boards for AbbVie, Blueprint Medicines, Cogent Biosciences, Geron Corporation, MorphoSys, Novartis, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Sierra Oncology, Sobi, Stemline Therapeutics, and Taiho Pharmaceutical. PF reports honoraria from AbbVie and Bristol Myers Squibb and research funding from AbbVie, Astex Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, and Servier. AR reports patents and royalties from/has served on the Board of Directors or advisory committees of TFC Therapeutics. MM reports consultancy/speaker bureaus fees from BioConvergence, Dr. Reddy, and FibroGen; research funding from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, and Roche; and holds equity in Cannalean Biotechs. ST received advisory board fees or honoraria from AbbVie, Astellas Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Gilead, and Takeda. RB reports honoraria/consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Keros Therapeutics, and Taiho Pharmaceutical, and research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb and Taiho Pharmaceutical. UG reports speaker honoraria fees from Bristol Myers Squibb and Novartis and institutional research support from AbbVie and Bristol Myers Squibb. DV reports honoraria and consultancy/speaker bureau fees with AbbVie, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Astellas Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gebro Pharma, Grifols, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kite/Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, Sobi, and Takeda; travel expenses from AbbVie, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Grifols, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Sanofi, and Sobi; research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb; and has served on the Board of Directors/advisory committees for Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Grifols, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Servier, and Sobi. UP received honoraria and research funding from AbbVie and Geron Corporation. RSK reports consultancy/speaker bureau fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Geron Corporation, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, PharmaEssentia, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Servier, Sobi, and Sumitomo Pharma; and received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene. SS, QX, LS, and TB are employees of Geron Corporation, the sponsor of the work, and may hold stock or stock options. AJ has nothing to disclose. SN was an employee of Geron Corporation at the time the work was conducted.

: The study protocol was approved by an institutional review board at each site, and the study was conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, the Declaration of Helsinki, and local standard operating procedures. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their legal representative if they were unable to provide consent.