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Authors
Yohannan, Binoy
Langworthy, Benjamin W.
Turner, Lindsey E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2839-901X
Dispenzieri, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-9512
Buadi, Francis K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3214-0203
Dingli, David https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-3004
Leung, Nelson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5651-1411
Kapoor, Prashant https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4342-364X
Gonsalves, Wilson I. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-969X
Kourelis, Taxiarchis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8573-9434
Cook, Joselle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5335-9533
Binder, Moritz https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-9658
Hayman, Suzanne R.
Lin, Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1556-6416
Go, Ronald S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-3495
Warsame, Rahma M.
Rajkumar, S.Vincent https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5862-1833
Kumar, Shaji https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-9284
Muchtar, Eli https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2210-2174
Alkhateeb, Hassan B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3609-8404
Hogan, William J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5841-4105
Matin, Aasiya
Patnaik, Mrinal M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6998-662X
Al-Kali, Aref
Mangaonkar, Abhishek A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2458-9887
Torghabeh M, Hefazi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-3380
Wolf, Robert C.
Shah, Mithun V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5359-336X
Gertz, Morie A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-5196
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Revised: 16 April 2026
Accepted: 11 June 2026
First Online: 23 June 2026
Competing interests
: MAG: Honoraria : Celgene, Med Learning Group, Research to Practice, Prothena, Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, AbbVie, Akcea Therapeutics, Sanofi, Telix Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Oncology, Juno/Celgene, Alnylam. Consulting or Advisory Role: Prothena, Bristol Myers Squibb/Sanofi. Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Prothena, Celgene, Novartis. AD: Consulting or Advisory Role: Janssen Research & Development. Research Funding: Celgene (Inst), Janssen Oncology (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Takeda (Inst), Alnylam (Inst), Prothena. Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Pfizer, Janssen Oncology, Prothena. PK: Honoraria: Pharmacyclics, Sanofi (Inst), BeiGene, MustangBio, AstraZeneca, AbbVie (Inst). Consulting or Advisory Role: Sanofi (Inst). Research Funding: Amgen (Inst), Takeda (Inst), Sanofi (Inst), AbbVie (Inst), GlaxoSmithKline (Inst), Sorrento Therapeutics (Inst), Karyopharm Therapeutics (Inst), Regeneron (Inst), Ichnos Sciences (Inst), Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene (Inst). DD: Consulting for Alexion (AstraZeneca), Apellis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech/Roche, Janssen, Legend Biotech, Novartis, Ossium Health, Sanofi, and Sorrento Therapeutics. Research support from K36 Therapeutics. NL: Takeda (Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees). WIG: Consulting or Advisory Role: Amgen (Inst). Research Funding: ORIC Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation (Inst). Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property: Patent number: 10996224: Assessing and treating precursor plasma cell disorders. TK: Novartis (Research Funding). JMC: Stock and Other Ownership Interests: Geron. YL: Bluebird Bio, Celgene, Janssen, Kite (Consultancy and Research Funding), Gamida Cell, Novartis, Juno, Legend, Sorrento, Vineti (Consultancy), Merck, Takeda (Research Funding), Abbvie, Celgene, Janssen, Takeda, Adaptive, MedImmune/Astra Zeneca (Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees), Kite, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi (Research Funding), Oncopeptides (Independent review committee). SVR: Honoraria: Research to Practice, Medscape. Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property: Authorship Royalties from Up To Date. SK: Consulting or Advisory Role: Takeda (Inst), Janssen Oncology (Inst), Genentech/Roche (Inst), AbbVie (Inst), Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Regeneron (Inst), Sanofi (Inst), K36 (Inst). Research Funding: Takeda (Inst), AbbVie (Inst), Novartis (Inst), Sanofi (Inst), Janssen Oncology (Inst), MedImmune (Inst), Roche/Genentech (Inst), CARsgen Therapeutics (Inst), Allogene Therapeutics (Inst), GlaxoSmithKline (Inst), Regeneron (Inst), Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene (Inst). Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: AbbVie, Pfizer. EM: consultation fee from Protego (fee paid to the institution). The remaining authors declare no competing interests. MVS: receives research funding to the institution from Astellas, Celgene, and Marker Therapeutics. MMP: received research funding from Kura Oncology, Stemline Therapeutics, Epigenetix, Solutherapeutics, and Polaris and has served on the advisory board for AstraZeneca and SOBI Pharmaceuticals. AAK : provides research support to Novartis and Astex.
: Approval obtained from Mayo Clinic IRB (# ). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
