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Article History

Received: 26 November 2024

Revised: 7 February 2025

Accepted: 4 April 2025

First Online: 3 May 2025

Competing interests

: DP: Honoraria from Sanofi. THM: Advisory board fees for Sanofi. JR: Consultant/advisory board: Janssen, BMS, Pfizer, Karyopharm, Sanofi, Takeda, Genentech, Abbvie, Regeneron, Forus, Menarini, Speakers Bureau: Janssen, BMS, Sanofi, Adaptive Biotechnologies. SP: Advisory board for Grail; research support from Celgene/BMS Corporation, Grail, Caribou. SJ: Consulting for Janssen Pharmaceuticals, BMS, Caribou Biosciences, Legend Biotech, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Poseida Therapeutics; Advisory board for Janssen Pharmaceuticals, BMS, GSK; Data Safety Monitoring Board for Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Genmab. LJS: Consulting/advisory board for Janssen Pharmaceuticals. CR: Advisory board for Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, BMS, Amgen, Karyopharm Therapeutics. ACR: Consulting for Johnson & Johnson, Adaptive, BMS, Sanofi. HJC: Employment: The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, Research funding: Genentech/Roche, BMS, Takeda. The remaining authors declare no relevant competing financial interests.

: Patient data was retrospectively collected and analyzed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. As many patients were deceased, obtaining informed consent was not possible. Therefore, a waiver of informed consent was granted, and the study was approved by the institutional review board of Mount Sinai (IRB#11-01978-MOD0013).