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Article History

Received: 2 May 2025

Revised: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 22 August 2025

Competing interests

: LK has served as a consultant for Takeda and has received travel support from Neovii. GL received research grants not related to this manuscript from AGIOS, AQUINOX, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Celgene, Gilead, Janssen, MorphoSys, Novartis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, and Verastem. GL received honoraria not related to this study from ADC Therapeutics, AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, BMS, Celgene, Constellation, Genase, Genmab, Gilead, Hexal/Sandoz, Immagene, Incyte, Janssen, Karyopharm, Lilly, Miltenyi, MorphoSys, MSD, NanoString, Novartis, PentixaPharm, Pierre Fabre, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, and Sobi. MS has served as a consultant for Pfizer, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Incyte, Takeda, Astellas and Amgen; as a speaker for Pfizer, Medac, MSD, Astellas, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Novartis, Gilead, Celgene, BMS, AbbVie, and Incyte; has received research funding from Pfizer; and has received travel support from Medac and Pfizer. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: The study was approved by the local ethics committee (reference number: 2022-645-f-S, “Ethik-Kommission Westfalen-Lippe”), and all patients signed informed consent for retrospective analyses prior to transplantation. All study procedures were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines, such as the Declaration of Helsinki, as well as local regulations.