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Article History

Received: 17 October 2025

Revised: 10 November 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

First Online: 29 November 2025

Competing interests

: FM reports lecture honoraria from Therakos/Mallinckrodt, BMS, MSD, Sanofi, Novartis, Astra Zeneca and JAZZ Pharmaceuticals, all outside the submitted work MV Speaker Honoraria from Pfizer, Gilead, Jazz Pharma, Mundipharma, Sanofi, Therakos, Novartis, Cidara. Research grant from MSD, Pfizer, Mundipharma, MRC UK, Wellcome Trust. RFD reports lecture and advisory honoraria or research support from Cidara Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mundipharma, Omeros Corporation, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Sobi and Takeda, all outside the submitted work. JC reports speaker’s or consulting honoraria from Abbvie, AGEA, Amgen, BMS/Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Incyte, Janssen, JAZZ Pharmaceuticals, Kite/Gilead, MSD, Neovii, Novartis, Otsuka, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, Stemline, Takeda and esearch grant from Novartis, Neovii, Takeda. AR reports lecture honoraria from Kyte/Gilead, all outside the submitted work. MM reports grants and/or lecture honoraria from Janssen, Sanofi, Maat Pharma, JAZZ Pharmaceuticals, Celgene, Amgen, BMS, Takeda, Pfizer, Novartis, and Roche, all outside the submitted work. The other authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.