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Article History

Received: 26 July 2025

Revised: 30 October 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 14 February 2026

Competing interests

: YY received honoraria from AbbVie, Genmab, Gilead Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Chugai Pharmaceutical. YK received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical. HG received honoraria from Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Kyowa Kirin, and Symbio and research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Gilead Sciences, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, Takeda, Meiji, and MSD. KM received honoraria from Janssen and Sanofi. TS received honoraria from AbbVie, Genmab, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Gilead Sciences, and Bristol-Myers Squibb and research funding from Novartis. SM received honoraria from Gilead Sciences and Bristol-Myers Squibb. MS received honoraria from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, and Chugai Pharmaceutical. K Kataoka received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Eisai, Astellas Pharma, Novartis, Chugai Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Sumitomo Pharma, Kyowa Kirin, Janssen Pharmaceutical, MSD, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Nippon Shinyaku, Daiichi Sankyo, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, Meiji Seika Pharma, Sanofi, Sysmex, Mundipharma, Incyte Corporation, Kyorin Pharmaceutical, PharmaEssentia Japan, Gilead Sciences, Kowa, Amgen, Nippon Kayaku, Asahi Kasei Pharma, and The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, received scholarship grant from Asahi Kasei Pharma, Eisai, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, Shionogi, Daiichi Sankyo, Sumitomo Pharma, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Teijin Pharma, Japan Blood Products Organization, JCR Pharmaceuticals, and Nippon Kayaku, received research funding from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Chordia Therapeutics, Genmab, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Meiji Seika Pharma, Regeneron, and Janssen Pharmaceutical, and has a patent for Genetic alterations as a biomarker in T-cell lymphomas issued and licensed and a patent for PD-L1 abnormalities as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade therapy issued and licensed. K Kato received honoraria from AbbVie, Chugai, Gilead Sciences, and Novartis and research funding from AbbVie, Astellas, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, Ono, Gilead Sciences, and Nippon Shinyaku. The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.

: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committees of the Japanese Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (reference number: 24-7) and Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital (reference number: 2024-3237).