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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Revised: 16 December 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 14 February 2026

Competing interests

: VN declares no conflicts of interest. GI reports consultancy and honoraria from Novartis, Roche, Kite/Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AbbVie, Janssen, Sandoz, Miltenyi, and AstraZeneca. SC declares no conflicts of interest. CC has received consultancy or advisory fees from Regeneron, BMS, and Takeda; and honoraria from Takeda and Novartis. MS-S has received honoraria for presentations from Kite and support for attending meetings from Takeda. SF declares no conflicts of interest. FB has received honoraria from Roche, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Lilly, BMS GmbH & Co KG, Merck, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, BeiGene, Advantage Pharmaceuticals, ASCEND Therapeutics, and AbbVie; has served on advisory boards or as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Roche/Genentech, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, AbbVie, Kite (a Gilead company), BeiGene, and Novartis; has participated in speakers’ bureaus for AbbVie, Janssen, Roche, AstraZeneca, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Kite/Gilead, and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen; has received research funding from Janssen and AstraZeneca; and has received travel support from AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, and AbbVie. GV has received speaker fees from Pfizer, MSD, GSK, and Pierre Fabre; consultancy fees from Reveal Genomics; and has served in an advisory role with AstraZeneca, all outside the submitted work. PB has received honoraria from Allogene, Amgen, BMS, Kite/Gilead, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Miltenyi, Novartis, and Nektar.

: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis based exclusively on data from previously published studies. No new data were collected, and no individual patient-level data were accessed or analyzed. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this study.