Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Atni, Mohd Hidir Mohd
Rosdy, Nik Mohd Mazuan Nik Mohd
Tajudin, Mohd Azrul Amir Muhamad
Rusly, Ahmad Adam
Raob, Noor Asilati Abdul
Sabri, Budi Aslinie Md
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Teknologi MARA
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 1 March 2025
Revised: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 14 July 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Ethics declaration
: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this study. The UiTM Research Ethics Committee approved this retrospective analysis of routinely collected dental records [approval no. REC/08/2023 (PG/MR/288)]. Since all records were fully de-identified prior to analysis, the Committee waived the requirement for individual informed consent. All data pre-processing and machine learning model training took place entirely on secure, on-premises UiTM servers; no third-party or cloud-based services were used at any stage of the study.
