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Article History

Received: 22 May 2020

Revised: 15 December 2020

Accepted: 17 December 2020

First Online: 21 January 2021

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Frozen tumour specimens were provided by the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Tissue Bank after full informed patient consent. The ethical approval was obtained from the Hammersmith and Queen Charlotte’s & Chelsea Research Ethics Committee approval 05/QO406/178. The procedures involved human participants were done in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: This manuscript does not contain any individual patient data.

: The RNA-sequencing data and clinical annotations are accessible in Mendeley Data with the identifier .

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), the Imperial College Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC), and Cancer Research UK. C.F., P.C., K.N. and N.R. acknowledge funding from Imperial Health Charity, Myrovlytis Trust and Imperial Private Healthcare. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.