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Article History

Received: 21 March 2022

Revised: 24 August 2022

Accepted: 13 October 2022

First Online: 3 November 2022

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests. KC is co-PI of an investigator-initiated trial of cervical screening, Compass, run by the VCS Foundation, which is a government-funded not-for-profit charity; the VCS Foundation has received equipment and a funding contribution from Roche Molecular Diagnostics. She is also co-PI on a major investigator-initiated implementation programme, Elimination of Cervical Cancer in the Western Pacific (ECCWP) which will receive support from the Minderoo Foundation, the Frazer Family Foundation and equipment donations from Cepheid Inc. Neither KC nor her institution on her behalf receives direct funding from industry for any project. KC’s research is supported via a National Health and Research Council Australia Leadership Fellowship (NHMRC; APP1194679). KC chairs and participates in a number of advisory committees to government and not-for-profit agencies; no committee participation for commercial companies. MC is an investigator on an investigator-initiated trial of cytology and primary HPV screening in Australia (‘Compass’) (ACTRN12613001207707 and NCT02328872), which is conducted and funded by the VCS Foundation a government-funded not-for-profit charity. The VCS Foundation has received equipment and a funding contribution for the Compass trial from Roche Molecular Systems. However, neither MC nor his institution on his behalf (The Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between Cancer Council NSW and The University of Sydney) receive direct or indirect funding from industry for Compass Australia or any other project. MW received an honorarium from scientific meeting organisers for a presentation outside the submitted work. MCT developed the PLCOm2012 lung cancer risk prediction model, which is assessed in this study. The model is open access and is available free of charge to non-commercial users. For commercial users, licensing has been assigned to Brock University. MCT has not received any money for the use of the PLCOm2012 model and does not anticipate any payments in the future. KF received travel support from various medical or scientific meeting organisers for participating or being a speaker (or both) and received additional grants or contracts from Olympus and Australian MRFF Next Generation Clinical Researchers Programme and MeVis Medical Solutions AG/HealthInc; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, and speaker’s bureaus from Willey Cochrane Clinical Answers and is the Chair for Lung Cancer Consultative Group (unpaid) and a Council member.

: Ethical approval for the conduct of the 45 and Up Study was provided by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee. Ethical approval for the present study was provided by the NSW Population & Health Services Research Ethics Committee (14/CIPHS/54). Individuals gave written informed consent to take part in the study, including consent for follow-up through repeated data collection and linkage of their data to population health databases. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.