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Article History

Received: 29 August 2022

Revised: 3 April 2023

Accepted: 14 April 2023

First Online: 29 April 2023

Competing interests

: MR reports personal fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lilly, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Samsung, outside the submitted work. MAS reports personal fees from the German Canter for Lung Research (DZL), outside the submitted work. MT reports advisory board honoraria from Novartis, Lilly, BMS, MSD, Roche, Celgene, Takeda, AbbVie, Boehringer, speaker’s honoraria from Lilly, MSD, Takeda, research funding from AstraZeneca, BMS, Celgene, Novartis, Roche and travel grants from BMS, MSD, Novartis, Boehringer, outside the submitted work. PC reports research funding from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche, and Takeda as well as an advisory board and/or lecture fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chugai, Lilly, Pfizer, and Takeda, outside the submitted work. HS reports grants from Roche Sequencing Solutions, during the conduct of the study, and personal fees from Roche, outside the submitted work.

: The ethics committees of Heidelberg University (S-270/2001, S-296/2016) and Lübeck University (AZ 12-238) approved the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.