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Article History

Received: 25 July 2023

Revised: 21 June 2024

Accepted: 27 June 2024

First Online: 14 July 2024

Competing interests

: JHC reports grants from National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, grants from John Fell Oxford University Press Research Fund, grants from Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) grant number C5255/A18085, through the Cancer Research UK Oxford Centre, grants from the Oxford Wellcome Institutional Strategic Support Fund (204826/Z/16/Z), during the conduct of the study. JHC is an unpaid director of QResearch, a not-for-profit organisation which is a partnership between the University of Oxford and EMIS Health who supply the QResearch database used for this work. Until 09 Aug 2023, JHC had a 50% shareholding in ClinRisk Ltd, co-owning it with her husband, who was an executive director. On 9th August 2023, 100% of the share capital was donated to Endeavour Health Care Charitable Trust and the company renamed to Endeavour Predict Ltd. JHC is an unpaid consultant to Endeavour Predict Ltd and her husband is a non-executive director to cover the transition. The company licences software both to the private sector and to NHS bodies or bodies that provide services to the NHS (through GP electronic health record providers, pharmacies, hospital providers and other NHS providers). This software implements algorithms (including QCancer) developed from access to the QResearch database during her time at the University of Nottingham. DS, JO, AH declare no conflicts of interest.

: The study protocol was approved by the QResearch Scientific Committee (reference OX94). The QResearch® ethics approval is with East Midlands-Derby Research Ethics Committee [reference 18/EM/0400]. The study used anonymised data from general practices contributing to QResearch on an individual ‘opt-out’ basis and therefore individual patient consent was not required.