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Article History

Received: 29 February 2024

Revised: 3 July 2024

Accepted: 8 July 2024

First Online: 25 July 2024

Competing interests

: NHS: consulting fees: Agenus, Puretech, Regeneron, Novartis, Numab, AstraZeneca, GSK, ABL Bio, Revitope, Roche/Genentech, Boehringer Ingelheim. Grants or funds: Roche/Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, BMS, AstraZeneca, Puretech, Immunocore, Regeneron, Agenus. JTi: advisory council or committee: Amgen, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pierre Fabre, Bristol–Myers Squibb, Daiichi–Sankyo, Gilead, Limbic Digital Media, Illumina, Beigene, Roche. Honoraria: Amgen, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pierre Fabre, Bristol–Myers Squibb, Daiichi–Sankyo, Gilead, Limbic Digital Media, Illumina, Beigene, Roche. Consulting fee: Haystack Oncology. SK: ownership of stock/shares: Lutris, Iylon, Frontier Medicines, Xilis, Navire. Consulting fee: Genentech, EMD Serono, Merck, Holy Stone Healthcare, Novartis, Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer Health, Redx Pharma, Ipsen, HalioDx, Lutris, Jacobio, Pfizer, Repare Therapeutics, Inivata, GSK, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Iylon, Xilis, AbbVie, Amal Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Mirati Therapeutics, Flame Biosciences, Servier, Carina Biotech, Bicara Therapeutics, Endeavor BioMedicines, Numab, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, Genomic Health, Frontier Medicines, Replimune, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Cardiff Oncology, Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol–Myers Squibb-Medarex, Amgen, Tempus, Foundation Medicine, Harbinger Oncology, Inc, Takeda, CureTeq, Zentalis, Black Stone Therapeutics, NeoGenomics Laboratories, Accademia Nazionale Di Medicina, Tachyon Therapeutics. Grants or funds: Sanofi, Biocartis, Guardant Health, Array BioPharma, Genentech/Roche, EMD Serono, MedImmune, Novartis, Amgen, Lilly, Daiichi–Sankyo. MD: employment: Sandoz (spouse). Advisory council or committee: AbbVie, Rafael, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Daiichi–Sankyo, Roche, Bayer. Honoraria: Pierre Fabre, Servier, MSD, Daiichi–Sankyo, Bayer. Consulting fees: Boehringer, MSD, Beigene. Grants or funds: Keocyt, Roche, Bayer. EC: grants or funds: Clinical trials sponsored by AstraZeneca. RD: honoraria: Roche, Ipsen, Amgen, Servier, Sanofi, Libbs, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Lilly, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Takeda, Bristol–Myers Squibb, GSK, Gilead. Consulting fees: Roche, Foundation Medicine. Grants or funds: Novartis, Daiichi–Sankyo, GSK, AstraZeneca. Investor in Trialing Health, S.L. AH: consulting fees: Amgen, Basilea, Bristol–Myers Squibb, Incyte, Relay Therapeutics, Sanofi, Servier, Tahio. Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events: Incyte, Seagen, Servier. Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: Basilea, QED Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, Tahio. MJR: consulting fees: Seattle Genetics, Bristol–Myers Squibb. EE: honoraria (personal): Amgen, Bayer, Hoffman La-Roche, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Seagen, Servier, Takeda. Consulting fees (personal): Amgen, Bayer, Hoffman La-Roche, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Seagen, Servier, Takeda. JCo: employment by, and stock/share ownership in AstraZeneca. Honoraria: AstraZeneca. JCa: employment by, and stock/share ownership in AstraZeneca. YS-H: employment by, and stock/share ownership in AstraZeneca. NH: employment by, and stock/share ownership in AstraZeneca. ZAC: employment by, and stock/share ownership in AstraZeneca. RK: employment by, and stock/share ownership in AstraZeneca. Patent related to anti-CD73 antibody. JTa: stock/share ownership in Oniria Therapeutics. Honoraria: Educational collaboration with Imedex/HMP, Medscape Education, MJH Life Sciences, PeerView Institute for Medical Education and Physicians Education Resource (PER). Consulting fees: for Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardiff Oncology, Chugai, Daiichi–Sankyo, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Genentech Inc, HalioDX SAS, Hutchison MediPharma International, Ikena Oncology, Inspirna Inc, IQVIA, Lilly, Menarini, Merck Serono, Merus, MSD, Mirati, Neophore, Novartis, Ona Therapeutics, Orion Biotechnology, Peptomyc, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Scandion Oncology, Scorpion Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics, Servier, Sotio Biotech, Taiho, Tessa Therapeutics, TheraMyc, Tolremo Therapeutics.

: All patients provided written informed consent. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The protocol and all modifications were approved by relevant ethics committees and regulatory authorities at each site. These sites include: Peter MacCallum Cancer Center Human Research Ethics Committee, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Bellberry Human Research Ethics Committee, Eastwood, SA, Australia; University Health Network Research Ethics Board, Toronto, ON, Canada; Lakeridge Health Research Ethics Board—Lakeridge Health, Oshawa, ON, Canada; Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta—Cancer Committee, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Saint Mary’s Hospital Research Ethics Committee, Montreal, QC, Canada; Le Comité de protection des personnes Sud-Est VI—C.H.U.—Administration Centrale, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Comite de Etica de Investigacion con Medicamentos - Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Western Institutional Review Board, Puyallup, WA, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Institutional Review Board, New York, NY, USA; University of California, Los Angeles—Office of the Human Research Protection Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Rhode Island Hospital Institutional Review Board, Providence, RI, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Institutional Review Board, Houston, TX, USA; University of Michigan Medical School Institutional Review Board, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

: Not applicable.