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Article History

Received: 4 October 2024

Revised: 18 March 2025

Accepted: 10 April 2025

First Online: 29 April 2025

Competing interests

: HHN has advisory/consultancy relations with Bayer, Roche, Johnson&Johnson, and Illumina. AJME has advisory/consultancy relations with Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Janssen-Cilag BV, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer Canada and Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals. He received a research grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb, paid to institution. CB received research grants from Philips, Bracco, Sensius, all paid to institution. CUB has advisory/consultancy relations with Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Merck and Third Rock Ventures. He received research grants from 4SC, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Merck, NanoString Technologies, all paid to institution. He received an individual research grant from Third Rock Ventures. He is co-founder of Signature Oncology and Imagene BV, and has a pending patent (Patent number WO 2021/177822 A1). GAPH received research grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Seerave, all paid to institution. DP has advisory/consultancy relations with Novartis and Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals. She received a travel grant from Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals. EK has advisory/consultancy relations with Delcath, Immunocore and Lilly, and received research grants not related to this paper from Bristol Myers Squibb, Delcath, Novartis, and Pierre-Fabre. Not related to current work and paid to institute. JBH has advisory/consultancy relations with AZ, BioNTech, CureVac, Eisai, Ipsen, Instil Bio, Iovance Bio, MSD, Novartis, Neogene Therapeutics, Roche, Sanofi, Sastra Cell Therapy, Third Rock Ventures, and T-Knife. He received research grants from Amgen, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sastra Cell Therapy. He is editor-in-Chief of ESMO Immmuno-Oncology & Technology (IOTECH). AAMV has advisory/consultancy relations with Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Sanofi, Merck, Pierre Fabre, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Eisai and Ipsen. KPMS has advisory/consultancy relations with AbbVie, and Sairopa. She received research grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genmab, Philips, Pierre Fabre, and Tigatx, all paid to institution. She does data and safety monitoring for Sairopa. No other competing interests were reported.

: This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. In compliance with Dutch regulations, research with DMTR data was approved by the medical ethical committee (METC Leiden University Medical Center, 2013) not to be subject to the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act, thereby waiving the requirement for informed consent.