Schiemer, Roberta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-9918
Grant, Jessica
Shafiee, Mohamad N.
Phang, Sendy
Furniss, David
Boitor, Radu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2559-4779
Seddon, Angela B.
Notingher, Ioan
Atiomo, William
Jones, Nia W.
Gajjar, Ketankumar B.
Funding for this research was provided by:
R.S. was supported by Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust Clinical Research Fellowship
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/W524402/1, EP/L025620/1)
M.N.S. was supported by the National University of Malaysia (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia
Article History
Received: 23 November 2024
Revised: 29 April 2025
Accepted: 1 May 2025
First Online: 18 May 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the National Research Ethics Service, East Midlands-Northampton committee (13/EM/0119) and by the East Midlands—Nottingham 2 Research Ethics Committee (19/EM/0303). All participants provided written informed consent.