Article History

Received: 3 November 2024

Revised: 24 April 2025

Accepted: 1 May 2025

First Online: 21 May 2025

Change Date: 7 November 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In this article the author’s name Keun-Wook Lee was incorrectly written as Keun Wook Lee.

Change Details: The author’s name has been corrected in both the author list and in the equal contributions statement present on the opening page footnote.

Change Date: 7 November 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: In this article the author’s name Dae Young Zang was incorrectly written as Da Young Zang

Change Date: 11 November 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-025-03267-z

Change Date: 20 June 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-025-03092-4

Competing interests

: Nothing directly related to this work. Outside of this work, LKW reported receiving research funding for clinical trials from MSD, AstraZeneca, Ono Pharmaceutical, Roche, Merck KGaA, BeiGene, Astellas Pharma, Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, ALX Oncology, Leap Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Macrogenics, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Seagen, Y-BIOLOGICS, Bolt Biotherapeutics, Trishula Therapeutics, InventisBio, MedPacto, Ildong Pharmaceutical, Genome & Company, Arcus Biosciences, Elevar Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, TRIO Oncology, Exelixis, IgM Biosciences, Panolos Bioscience, Metafines, Wellmarker Bio, Medicenna, and Erasca. He also received consulting fees from Daiichi Sankyo, MSD, Astellas Pharma, AbbVie, and Metafines; honoraria for lectures or presentations from Sanofi/Aventis, Astellas Pharma, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, and Merck KGaA; and has an uncompensated role with ALX Oncology on a data safety monitoring or advisory board. YKK has a consulting or advisory role with ALX Oncology, Amgen, Blueprint Medicines, Bristol-Myers Squibb, DAEHWA Pharmaceutical, Macrogenics, Novartis, Surface Oncology, and Zymeworks. MHR received honoraria from DAEHWA Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, Ono Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Taiho Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, and AstraZeneca; and served as a consultant for DAEHWA Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, and Ono Pharmaceuticals. HDK received research grants from Roche/Genentech and AstraZeneca and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceuticals, Boryung Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, Astellas, Boostimmune, and MustBio.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of each participating center. All patients provided written informed consent. This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Research Committee and the latest Declaration of Helsinki.