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Article History

Received: 4 November 2024

Revised: 15 April 2025

Accepted: 1 May 2025

First Online: 17 May 2025

Competing interests

: Timothy Yap has acted as a consultant for AbbVie, Acrivon, Adagene, Almac, Aduro, Amphista, Artios, Astex, AstraZeneca, Athena, Atrin, Avenzo, Avoro, Axiom, Baptist Health Systems, Bayer, Beigene, BioCity Pharma, Blueprint, Boxer, Bristol Myers Squibb, C4 Therapeutics, Calithera, Cancer Research UK, Carrick Therapeutics, Circle Pharma, Clovis, Cybrexa, Daiichi Sankyo, Dark Blue Therapeutics, Diffusion, Duke Street Bio, 858 Therapeutics, EcoR1 Capital, Ellipses Pharma, EMD Serono, Entos, F-Star, Genesis Therapeutics, Genmab, Glenmark, GLG, Globe Life Sciences, GSK, Guidepoint, Ideaya Biosciences, Idience, Ignyta, I-Mab, ImmuneSensor, Impact Therapeutics, Institut Gustave Roussy, Intellisphere, Jansen, Kyn, MEI pharma, Mereo, Merck, Merit, Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Natera, Nested Therapeutics, Nexys, Nimbus, Novocure, Odyssey, OHSU, OncoSec, Ono Pharma, Onxeo, PanAngium Therapeutics, Pegascy, PER, Pfizer, Piper-Sandler, Pliant Therapeutics, Prolynx, Radiopharma Theranostics, Repare, resTORbio, Roche, Ryvu Therapeutics, SAKK, Sanofi, Schrodinger, Servier, Synnovation, Synthis Therapeutics, Tango, TCG Crossover, TD2, Terremoto Biosciences, Tessellate Bio, Theragnostics, Terns Pharmaceuticals, Tolremo, Tome, Thryv Therapeutics, Trevarx Biomedical, Varian, Veeva, Versant, Vibliome, Voronoi Inc, Xinthera, Zai Labs and ZielBio. Ha has also has received grant/research support from Acrivon, Artios, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, BioNTech, Blueprint, BMS, Boundless Bio, Clovis, Constellation, Cyteir, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Forbius, F-Star, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Haihe, Ideaya ImmuneSensor, Insilico Medicine, Ionis, Ipsen, Jounce, Karyopharm, KSQ, Kyowa, Merck, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer, Ribon Therapeutics, Regeneron, Repare, Rubius, Sanofi, Scholar Rock, Seattle Genetics, Tango, Tesaro, Vivace and Zenith. Dr Yap is a stockholder in Seagen. Patricia LoRusso has acted as a consultant for AbbVie, I-Mab, Roivant Sciences, and Sotio and has served on advisory boards for ABL Bio, Acutate Therpeutics, Agenus, AstraZeneca, Atreca Development, BAKX Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Compass BDAX, Cullinan, DAiNA, EMD Sereno, Glaxo-Smith Kline, I-Mab, imCheck, IQVIA, Kineta, Inc, Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Mekanistic, Mersana Therapeutics, Modifi Bio Molecular Template, NeuroTrials, Pfizer, Prelude, Qualigen, Quanta Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, Scenic Biotech, Schrodinger, Seagen, STCube Pharmaceuticals, Stemline, Takeda, Wells Therpeutics, Zai Lab, and Zentalis Pharmaceuticals. She has also served on Data Monitoring Committees for Sotio, Amgen CodeBreak 202 and a Data Safety Monitoring Board for DrenBio. Rowan Miller has acted as a consultant for Abbivie, AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, Ellipses, GI Innovation, GSK, MSD, Pharma&, and Shionogi, has been part of speaker bureaus for AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, GSK, and MSD, and has received trial funding from GSK and MSD. Rebecca Kristeleit has acted as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Celcuity, Clovis, Duke St Bio, Eisai, Epsilogen, GSK, ImCyte, Immunogen, Lucid, Merck AG, MSD, Pharma&, Prokarium, Seagen, Shattuck Labs, and Tubulis. She has also received travel expense from Epsilogen and Pharma& and been a member of Steering Committees for AstraZeneca, Eisai, GSK, and Merck AG. Amanda Paulovich is the Founder of Precision Assays, LLC. Stephen McMorn, Lenka Oplustil O’Connor, Benedetta Lombardi, Paola Marco-Casanova, Eric Gangl, Emma Dean, and Roman Zviezdin are employed by and hold shares in AstraZeneca. Bharat Patel is a contractor for AstraZeneca. Ruth Plummer has received honoraria for attending advisory boards from AmLo, Astex Therapeutics, Bayer, BMS, Cybrexa Benevolent AI Ellipses, Genmab, Immunocore, Incyte, MSD, Nerviano, Novartis, Pierre Faber, and Sanofi Aventis and has been an Independent Data Monitoring Committee member for Alligator Biosciences, AstraZeneca, GSK, Onxeo, and SOTIO Biotech AG.