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Article History

Received: 23 December 2024

Revised: 1 May 2025

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 22 July 2025

Competing interests

: DSPT is an employee of the National University Health System Singapore and reports personal fees for advisory board membership from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BioNTech Boehringer Ingelheim, Eisai, Genmab, GSK, MSD, PMV Pharma, and Roche; personal fees as an invited speaker from AstraZeneca, Eisai, GSK, Merck Serono, MSD, Roche, and Takeda; ownership of stocks/shares of Asian Microbiome Library (AMiLi); institutional research grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Karyopharm Therapeutics, and Roche; institutional funding as coordinating PI from AstraZeneca, MSD, Eisai, Roche and Bergen Bio; institutional funding as local PI from Roche, BioNTech, PMV Pharma, GSK, Sutro Pharma, Bayer, Byondis B.V. and Zeria Pharmaceutical Co Ltd; a previous non-renumerated role as Chair of the Asia Pacific Gynaecologic Oncology Trials Group (APGOT); a previous non-renumerated role as the Society President of the Gynaecologic Cancer Group Singapore; non-renumerated membership of the Board of Directors of the GCIG; research funding from the National Medical Research Council (NMRC) Clinician Scientist Award Senior Investigator Grant (CSASI21jun-0003), the Pangestu Family Foundation Gynaecological Cancer Research Fund; and product samples from AstraZeneca, Eisai, and MSD (non-financial interest) for research trials. JYL reports personal fees for advisory board membership from AstraZeneca, MSD, Regeneron, Merck, ImmunoGen, Genmab and Seagen; personal fees as an invited speaker from AstraZeneca, Eisai, MSD, Roche, Takeda; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, CanariaBio, DS, Eisai, Genmab, GII, ImmunoGen, Merck, MSD, Seagen, Sutro, Regeneron; Grants or contracts from Abbvie, Advenchen, Ascendis Pharma, Alkermes, AstraZeneca, Beigene, BergenBio, BMS, CanariaBio, Corcept, Cellid, CKD, Clovis Oncology, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Genmab, Genemedicine, GII, GSK, ImmunoGen, Janssen, Kelun, Merck, Mersana, MSD, Novartis, Onconic Therapeutics, ONO, Regeneron, Roche, Seagen, Sutro, Synthon, TORL-bio, Takeda, Zymeworks. DJP has received lecture fees from ViiV Healthcare, Bayer Healthcare, BMS, Roche, Eisai, Falk Foundation, Incyte, Boston Scientific, travel expenses from BMS and Bayer Healthcare; consulting fees for Mina Therapeutics, Elevar Therapeutics, EISAI, Roche, DaVolterra, Mursla, Starpharma, Boston Scientific, Exact Sciences and Astra Zeneca; research funding (paid to institution) from MSD, GSK and BMS. CG reports fees for grants from AstraZeneca, GSK, Tesaro, Clovis, MSD, BergenBio, Novartis, Aprea, Nucana, Versatem, Roche, Medannexin and Artios; fees for consulting from AstraZeneca, MSD, GSK, Tesaro, Verastem, Abbvie, and Immunogen; fees for payment/honoraria from AstraZeneca, MSD, GSK, Tesaro, Clovis, Roche, Nucana, Chugai, Takeda, Cor2Ed, Peervoice, Verastem, Abbvie and Immunogen; fees for participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board/Advisory Board from AstraZeneca and MSD. SPB reports Institutional research funding to conduct clinical trials from Nucana PLC, UCB, BioNTech, Medannex, Nurix, Theolytics, Regeneron; Consulting fees from Ellipses, Oxford Drug Design, UCB, Simbec Orion and Theolytics, Directorship of RNA Guardian with ownership interest.

: This study was approved by the institutional review board at each participating site and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and in compliance with GCP guidelines. All patients were required to give written informed consent before participation in the study. Singapore - NHG Domain Specific Review Board ref 2020/01190. South Korea - IND study MFDS no 202001006; Seoul National University Hospital IRB H-2009-148-1160; Yonsei University Health System, Severance Hospital IRB 2020-2446-002 Study approval no. 4-2020-1160; Samsung Medical Center IRB – SMC 2020-09-081-003. United Kingdom - REC reference number 20/LO/1106 IRAS project ID 286152. Norway - NO REK application ID 168726.