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Article History

Received: 5 January 2025

Revised: 15 July 2025

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 28 August 2025

Competing interests

: AB: Stock and other ownership interests: BioNTech SE. Honoraria: Amgen. Research funding: Amgen (Inst). Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Amgen. FM: Honoraria from Pierre Fabre and Servier; research grants from Incyte (to their institution); travel grants from Amgen and Pierre Fabre. AS: Honoraria: Roche, Servier, Taiho Pharmaceutical. Consulting or advisory role: Bristol Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Novocure. Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Amgen, Roche, Lilly, Pfizer. SL: Participation in advisory boards for Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, GSK, Incyte, Lilly, Merck Serono, MSD, Servier, Takeda, Rottapharm, and Beigene; personal honoraria as invited speaker from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Incyte, GSK, Lilly, Merck Serono, MSD, Pierre Fabre, Roche, and Servier; research funding (to their institution) from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Hutchinson, Incyte, Merck Serono, Mirati, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, and Servier. AJK: No competing interests declared. CC: Advisory board or consultant role with Astra Zeneca, Bicara Therapeutics, BMS, GSK, Lilly, Merck, Mirati, MSD, Nordic Pharma, Roche, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Revolution Medicine, Rottapharm, Takeda, Tempus; Invited speaker with compensation for Amgen, Bayer, Merck Serono, MSD, Pierre Fabre Servier, Takeda; Research grants by Amgen, Merck, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Seagen (Pfizer), Servier, Tempus. SS: No competing interests declared. GR: No competing interests declared. DH: No competing interests declared. MP: No competing interests declared. AHSA: Honoraria: MSD. Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Merck, BMS GmbH and Co. KG. CCP: No competing interests declared. AJ: No competing interests declared. PA: No competing interests declared. Annika Kurreck: Honoraria: Taiho Pharmaceutical, Amgen, Servier. Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: medac, Amgen, Servier. AAC: No competing interests declared. SS: Honoraria: Merck KGaA, Roche, Amgen, Servier, MSD, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Bristol Myers Squibb GmbH, Nordic Bioscience, AstraZeneca. Consulting or advisory role: Merck Kgaa, Roche, Amgen, Pierre Fabre, MSD, AstraZeneca, Servier, GlaxoSmithKline, Terumo, Nordic Bioscience, Seagen. Research Funding: Pierre Fabre (Inst), Roche Molecular Diagnostics (Inst), Merck Serono (Inst), Amgen (Inst). Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Merck KGaA, Roche, Sanofi, Bayer, Sirtex Medical, Amgen, Lilly, Takeda, Pierre Fabre, AstraZeneca. FP: Research funding (to their institution) from Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Incyte, AstraZeneca, Amgen, and Agenus; personal honoraria as an invited speaker from BeiGene, Daiichi Sankyo, Seagen, Astellas, Ipsen, AstraZeneca, Servier, Bayer, Takeda, Johnson & Johnson, Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Amgen, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre; and advisory or consultancy fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Amgen, Pierre Fabre, Johnson & Johnson, Servier, Bayer, Takeda, Astellas, GSK, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, BeiGene, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Incyte, Rottapharm, and Merck Serono. DPM: Honoraria: Merck Serono, Amgen, Servier, Bristol Myers Squibb, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Pierre Fabre, Onkowissen, Sanofi, Lilly, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Incyte, Takeda. Consulting or advisory role: Merck Serono, Amgen, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Roche, Servier, Incyte, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pierre Fabre, Lilly, Cor2Ed, IQVIA, Onkowissen. Research funding: Amgen (Inst), Servier (Inst). Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Amgen, Merck Serono, Servier. AR: Honoraria for speaker bureau or advisory board participation from Servier and MSD.

: The study protocols and its amendments were approved by an independent institutional review board or ethics committee at each study site. The study was conducted in compliance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written, informed consent. This secondary analysis is part of an IPD pooled analysis study and was approved by the ethical committee of Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (Identifier: INT 99/22).