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Article History

Received: 13 March 2025

Revised: 5 August 2025

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 19 September 2025

Competing interests

: Outside the submitted work, J.S.L. has received personal consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and lectureship honoraria from Astra Zeneca. Outside the submitted work, P.B.M. has received honoraria for lectures and advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Vifor, Pharmacosmos, GSK, Bayer and Boehringer Ingelheim and research funding from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Outside of the submitted work, B.M.P.E. has received honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca. R.J.J. has personally received honoraria for lectures and consultancy fees from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson and Johnson, Merck KGaA, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche, and research funding from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Clovis, Exelixis and Pfizer. L.A.I. reports financial support paid to Tufts Medical Center from the National Institute of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Kidney Foundation, Chinnocks, Alexion and Astra Zeneca; and participation on the medical advisory council for Alport Foundation and the scientific advisory board for National Kidney Foundation. J.J.C. reports grants paid to Karolinska Institutet from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Vifor, MSD, Astellas, NovoNordisk, all outside the submitted work; personal fees for lectures or advisory board meetings from Fresenius Kabi, and Laboratorios Columbia, all outside the submitted work.

: This study was conducted in accordance with Strengthening The Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidance. SCREAM was approved by the Stockholm Ethics Review Board with a waiver of consent (reference 2017/793-31); informed consent was not deemed necessary because all data were deidentified at the Swedish Board of Health and Welfare.