Article History
Received: 1 February 2025
Revised: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of MacKay Memorial Hospital (approval number: 20MMHIS437e), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of MacKay Memorial Hospital (approval number: MMH-A-S-107-70) and conducted in compliance with institutional and international standards for the care and use of laboratory animals.
: All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to Cancer Science.