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Authors
Du, Yun
Feng, Ruimei
Chang, Ellen T.
Yin, Li
Dickman, Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-3380
Huang, Tingting
Li, Yancheng
Zhou, Xiang
Huang, Yi
Su, Canqiong
Xiao, Xue
Jia, Weihua
Zheng, Yuming
Adami, Hans-Olov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9592-5791
Zeng, Yixin
Cai, Yonglin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2001-1351
Zhang, Zhe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8816-3194
Xu, Miao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7091-4199
Ye, Weimin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-4648
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Vetenskapsrådet (2015-02625, 2015-06268, and 2017-05814)
China Scholarship Council (201806380006)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82204133)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81272983)
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Article History
Received: 11 June 2024
Revised: 8 September 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. EC is an employee of GRAIL, LLC, an early cancer detection company, which did not contribute to this work.
: We confirmed that all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. This research was approved by institutional and ethics review boards in all participating centres (Karolinks Institutet/Dnr2021-01375, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical Univeristy/2021(KY-E-134), Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital/S2021-53, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/B2021-320-01). All participants provided informed consent prior to their involvement, in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
