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Authors
Fan, Ming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-7076
Wu, Xiling
Pan, Da
Du, Jiaojiao
Gao, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-3574
Wang, Yue
Li, Lihua https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-6453
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62271178)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A20521)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LR23F010002)
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Article History
Received: 29 April 2025
Revised: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Hangzhou Dianzi University (IRB-2019001). All methods were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The imaging data used in this study were obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA), a publicly accessible database. All data in TCIA were originally collected with approval from appropriate institutional review boards and with informed consent from the participants. No identifiable images of human participants are included in this manuscript.
: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
