Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 April 2025

Revised: 10 October 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Competing interests

: NY reports honoraria from Chugai Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo/UCB Japan, Eisai, reports consulting or advisory fees from Eisai, Boehringer Ingelheim, CMIC, Chugai Pharma, Healios, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Rakuten Medical Japan, Noile-Immune Biotech, Inc, reports research funding from Chugai Pharma, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Eisai, Astellas Pharma, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly Japan, Boehringer Ingelheim, Takeda, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Bayer, Pfizer, Ono Pharmaceutical, Janssen, MSD, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, GlaxoSmithKline, Sumitomo Dainippon, Chiome Bioscience, Otsuka, Carna Biosciences, Genmab/Seattle Genetics, Shionogi, Toray Industries, Kaken Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, CMIC, InventisBio, Rakuten Medical, Amgen, Bicycle Therapeutics. RES reports grants or contracts from AstraZeneca and Merck; reports consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Janssen Oncology, Macrogenics, Daiichi, Sanofi, BeiGene, Gilead, Regeneron, Targeted Oncology, G1 Therapeutics, GE HealthCare, Amgen, and Lilly Oncology; reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations from EMD Serono, Illumina, GameOn!, OncLive, Binay Foundation, APP Oncology, and Masters in Thoracic Oncology Summit; participates on advisory board for GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Janssen Oncology, Macrogenics, Daiichi, Sanofi, BeiGene, Gilead, Regeneron, Targeted Oncology, G1 Therapeutics, GE HealthCare, Amgen, and Lilly Oncology. ZX, WW, ZS, LZ, YW reports InventisBio employment and stock. R-HX reports speaker fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, MerckSerono, Hutchison, Hengrui, Junshi, Qilu, CPPC, Henlius, and participates on advisory board for Astellas, MSD, AstraZeneca, Junshi, Hengrui, BeiGene. Innovent, CPPC, and Keymed. All other authors declare no competing interests.

: The studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice and were approved by the ethics committee of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and by the ethics committees of the other participating sites. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to screening.