Valasaki, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8786-9731
Taylor, Lily C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-9244
Woof, Victoria G.
Howell, Sacha J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8141-6515
Tischkowitz, Marc
Antoniou, Antonis C.
Archer, Stephanie
French, David P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-7804
Usher-Smith, Juliet. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8501-2531
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cancer Research UK International Early Detection of Cancer Alliance
DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR203308)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR203308)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR305827)
Cancer Research UK (PPRPGM-Nov20\100002)
Cancer Research UK (SEBCD3-2024/100001)
Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Revised: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Competing interests
: ACA is listed as the creator of the BOADICEA model that has been licensed by Cambridge Enterprise (University of Cambridge) for commercial purposes. The other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: Ethical approval was given by the Cambridge School of the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee (HSS REC reference 24.376). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: All participants gave consent for quotations to be published in journals or presented at conferences, but without their names or other identifying details being used.