Galal, Bayan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8821-864X
Dennis, Joe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4591-1214
Antoniou, Antonis C.
Harrison, Hannah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8952-852X
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cancer Research UK (EDDAPA-2022/100001)
Cancer Research UK (PPRPGM-Nov20\100002)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR203312)
Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Revised: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The UK Biobank study was approved by the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (reference number 06/MRE09/ 65) and at recruitment all participants gave informed written consent to participate in UK Biobank and be followed up, using a signature capture device. Data storage and access for this project was strictly controlled in accordance with the data agreements between the researchers and UK Biobank. Access to this data was approved by UK Biobank under project 28126 (Validating risk prediction models for common hormonal cancers). Throughout the project, the data were stored and accessed only via a secure server at the University of Cambridge. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part. All of the methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines (including PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews).