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Article History

Received: 14 August 2025

Revised: 15 December 2025

Accepted: 25 January 2026

First Online: 18 February 2026

Competing interests

: P.L. reports grants or contracts from Pierre Fabre and BMS; consulting fees from Iovance and MLA Diagnostics; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from BMS and MSD; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from MSD. Non-remunerated roles for Cancer Research UK (clinical research committee), EORTC Melanoma Group (Chairman), Melanoma Focus charity (invited speaker) and Society for Melanoma Research (SMR) Edinburgh (invited session chair). A.A. receives honoraria from Kite-Gilead, Johnson and Johnson, and BMS. F.T. receives consulting fees from: AstraZeneca, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, Immatics, OncoBayes, T-Knife Therapeutics, Waypoint; and is Principal Investigator – receives institutional funding from: Achilles Ltd, Adaptimmune, Amgen, Biontech, BMS, Chugai, Corbus, Crescendo Biologics, GenMab, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, GSK, Immunocore, Incyte, Iovance, Janssen, Kymab Ltd/Sanofi, Leucid, Moderna, Novalgen, Nucana, Oxford Vacmedix, Roche, RS Oncology LLC, Seagen, Takeda, T-Knife, UCB, Zymeworks; Other: Steering committee member for ATTC (Advanced Therapy Treatment Centre) Network. K.H.J.L. is the deputy lead of the MANIFEST consortium, which is core funded by the UK Government’s Office for Life Sciences and the Medical Research Council (Grant Ref: MR/Z505158/1), with additional in-kind and/or financial contribution from IMU Biosciences, Guardant Health, Natera Inc., invoX Pharma Ltd., Genomics England, Northern Health Science Alliance (NHSA), M:M Bio, 10X Genomics, Roche, and Oxford Nanopore Technologies. All other authors have nothing to disclose.