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Authors
Matsuda, Kosuke
Ugai, Satoko
Miyahara, Satoshi
Yao, Qian
Cazaubiel, Jules https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1992-3197
Nakazawa, Nobuhiro
Higashioka, Mayu
Zhong, Yuxue
Chan, Andrew T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-6767
Meyerhardt, Jeffrey A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-0898
Ng, Kimmie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0631-1494
Song, Mingyang
Väyrynen, Juha P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-2996
Nowak, Jonathan A.
Giannakis, Marios
Ugai, Tomotaka
Ogino, Shuji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3909-2323
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cancer Research UK (C10674/A27140)
Cancer Research UK (C10674/A27140)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R35 CA197735)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R21 CA230873)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01 CA151993)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R35 CA253185)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R50 CA274122)
Uehara Memorial Foundation
American Cancer Society
Prevent Cancer Foundation
Brigham and Women's Hospital
American Institute for Cancer Research
Harvey V. Fineberg Cancer Prevention Fellowship
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Revised: 16 January 2026
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Competing interests
: M.G. was supported by research funding from Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Sunbird Bio. M.G. has served as a consultant for Nerviano Medical Sciences and has received honoraria from OncLive and Physicians’ Education Resource. S.O. has served as a consultant for Sanofi Pasteur S.A. No other conflict of interest exists.
: All study participants provided written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (IRB protocol number: 2019P003588), and those of participating registries as required. All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
