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Authors
Cheng, Hao-Tsai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-738X
Seak, Chen-June https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0984-8385
Cheng, Ching-Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3250-7397
Huang, Shu-Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-6914
Sung, Chang-Mu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4575-2698
Chen, Tsung-Hsing https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6069-1376
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Article History
Received: 27 December 2024
Revised: 5 February 2026
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declared no competing interests.
: All data were obtained through a request to the online HCUP Central Distributor, which manages access to the database (Certificate No. HCUP-28M72GZV7). This study adhered to the NIS Data Use Agreement issued by HCUP. As it involved secondary analysis of de-identified data from the NIS database, neither patients nor the public were directly involved. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (IRB No. 202301018B0), which waived the requirement for signed informed consent due to the use of fully de-identified data.
