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Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Revised: 3 February 2026

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no known conflict of interests. The following interests may be considered as potential competing interests. Sjoerd Elias: grants/contracts/advisory role: Merck. Filip de Vos: advisory role: MyTomorrows; grants/contracts: Novartis, Servier, STOPBraintumors.org; leadership roles: Dutch Rare Cancer Platform, European Association for Neuro-Oncology Education committee, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer; committee member: Dutch Society Neuro-Oncology Guideline committee. Frans Opdam: Participating in DSMB: IOMX. Leading PI: Astra Zeneca, Boehringer ingelheim, Crescendo, Cytovation, GSK, Incyte, Int1B3, Lilly, Merus, Pierre Fabre, Relay, RevMed, Roche, Taiho. Miriam Koopman: grants/contracts/advisory roles with: Amgen, Bayer, BMS, IqVIA, Merck, MSD, Nordic Farma, Novartis, Personal Genome Diagnostics, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, and Sirtex. Jeanine Roodhart: grants/contracts/advisory roles with: AMGEN, BMS, Cleara Biotech, GSK, HUB Organoids, Incyte, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Servier, and Xilis; Board Membership: Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Biobank. All grants were unrelated to the study and paid to individual’s institutions.

: The study was registered under EudraCT identifier 2019-004987-23 and conducted in the University Medical Centre Utrecht in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The study protocol and all amendments were reviewed and accepted by the associated Medical Research Ethics Committee and the Dutch competent authority. The study was conducted in full conformance with the principles of the declaration of Helsinki, guidelines for Good Clinical Practice and local legislation. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.