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Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Revised: 19 February 2026

Accepted: 14 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Competing interests

: JSL reports participation on scientific advisory boards for Basilea, Roche, GSK, and Servier; and research grant support to the institution from Roche, Genentech, Basilea, Astex, MSD, and Janssen. KJH reports participation on advisory councils or committees for, and honoraria and consulting fees from, ALX, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bicara, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Exelisis, Flamingo, GSK, Merck Serono, Merus, MSD, and Pfizer; and grants or funds from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Replimune. S-AI reports participation on advisory councils or committees for AstraZeneca, Bertis, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, GSK, Hanmi, Idience, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche; and grants or funds from AstraZeneca, Boryung Pharm, Daewoong Pharm, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Pfizer, and Roche. K-WL reports advisory council or committee participation for ALX Oncology (uncompensated relationship); honoraria from Astellas Pharma, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck KGaA, and Sanofi/Aventis; consulting fees from Astellas Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, MSD, AbbVie, and Metafines; and grants or funds from AstraZeneca, MSD, Roche, Merck KGaA, Ono Pharmaceutical, Astellas, BeiGene, Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, ALX Oncology, Leap Therapeutics, GSK, Macrogenics, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Seagen, Y-BIOLOGICS, Bolt Biotherapeutics, Trishula Therapeutics, InventisBio, MedPacto, Ildong Pharmaceutical, Genome & Company, Arcus Biosciences, Elevar Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, TRIO Oncology, Exelixis, IgM Biosciences, Panolos Bioscience, Metafines, Wellmarker Bio, Medicenna, and Erasca (research funding, to institution for conducting clinical trials). SP-V reports participation in advisory councils or committees for Amgen and Daiichi Sankyo; grants or funds from Hoffmann La-Roche IMCOre and Amgen for laboratory work unrelated to this manuscript; participation as principal investigator or sub-investigator in clinical trials for AbbVie, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Argen-X Bvba, Arno Therapeutics, Astex Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Aveo, Bayer Healthcare Ag, Bbb Technologies Bv, Blueprint Medicines, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Clovis Oncology, Daiichi Sankyo, Debiopharm S.A., Eisai, Eli Lilly, Exelixis, Forma, Gamamabs, Genentech, Inc., GSK, H3 Biomedicine, Inc, Hoffmann La Roche Ag, Innate Pharma, Iris Servier, Janssen Cilag, Kyowa Kirin Pharm. Dev., Inc., Loxo Oncology, Lytix Biopharma As, Medimmune, Menarini Ricerche, MSD, Chibret, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Merus, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Nanobiotix, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis Pharma, Octimet Oncology Nv, Oncoethix, Onyx Therapeutics, Orion Pharma, Oryzon Genomics, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Taiho Pharma, Tesaro Inc, and Xencor; and participation in advisory boards for Merck KGaA. JT reports advisory council or committee participation for Coherus BioSciences. SEF, NL, SEW, BW, JN, AL, and ED report employment with and ownership of stocks/shares in AstraZeneca. II-A reports previous employment with AstraZeneca; and current employment with and ownership of stocks/shares in GSK. A-BL reports previous employment with AstraZeneca. MGK reports participation on advisory councils or committees for Astellas, Bayer, Guardant Health, Janssen, Roche, Seattle Genetics, and Zai Lab; honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Guardant Health, Janssen, Roche, and Servier; grants or funds from Novartis and Roche; and travel support from BerGenBio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Roche, Servier, and Zai Lab.